Women in Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wo workforce in Policing - Essay ExampleThere are several reasons first, this stock offers financial security second, thither is satisfying inspiration from the peer group and acquaintanceship with law of nature work (Price, 1996).Nevertheless, women police officers, face considerable discrimination. Initi eachy, they were not permitted to undertake patrolling duties, because of their perceived physical shortcomings, Vis a Vis their male counterparts on the force. This was a double-edged sword industrious by the chauvinistic superior police officers, who were exclusively men. Since, patrol duty was a prerequisite for promotions, women were effectively, prevented from obtaining promotions (Price, 1996).Women police officers, have fewer opportunities to progress in their career, and obtain promotions and rewards. Their distribution throughout the force is irregular and there are specialized units, which are conspicuous for the near total absence of women. It is an indisputable fac t that men dominate the police force, and that they ensure that women face several hurdles in achieving career advancement and job satisfaction.Professional and complaisant life necessitates a commingling of attitudinal, structural and technical changes. This is essential for engendering social change and is all the more relevant in ushering in gender equality. The police department is no exception to this notion, and the US has brought about fundamental changes to its laws (Price, 1996). These changes have served to enhance the importance of women in policingIn addition, the US initiated moves to better the educational and employment opportunities of women and minorities, by according them privileged treatment in admissions to educational institutions, employment, award of contracts and the conferral of social benefits. This constitutes affirmative action, and it was the consequence of the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Teaching With

Analyzing Psychological Disorders Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing Psychological Disorders - Term Paper ExampleCourses of treatment based on this cast atomic number 18 proposed in both case studies. In the end, this paper points to the more balanced perspective of biopsychology as offering more possibilities for effective treatment of mental indisposition. Introduction The human body is a squad of components working together as a whole entity. Therefore, in understanding mental illness, we must non compartmentalize as separate functions the biological and experiential processes operating in persons presenting themselves to us with psychological issues. The knowledge of a person offers an environment, a history, and a perspective essential to a thorough understanding of his biological components. The biological processes of the human body are essential in the understanding and treatment of mental illness especially the central nervous system, brain functioning, and neurotransmitter activity. Their interactions have a crucial impact on a persons psychological health, affecting how he or she perceives and lives life. Part A dementia praecox Schizophrenia is the most complex of the mental illnesses in its causality, symptomology, and treatment. Yet, an understanding of the neurological and biological functioning of the brain finish not only economic aid medical professionals in finding and applying the best treatments, but also assist patients in coping with the illness in a positive and productive way. (Frese, 1993) The most common symptoms of dementia praecox include auditory hallucinations, delusions of persecution and/or control or delusions of grandeur, disorganized thinking and speech, flat affect (consistently showing little or no emotion), and inappropriate behavior (such as social isolation or catatonia). (See Pinel pg. 457) twain of these symptoms must be present for at least 30 days to meet criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and ideally a thorough physical examination including diagnostic testing should be administered to rule bug out any other possible diagnoses. (Haycock, 2009) Some of the diagnostic testing that includes brain imaging technologies such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and PET (positron emission tomography) scans has also clearly shown that the frontal and temporal lobes and the amygdala are the areas of the brain most altered in schizophrenia patients. (Kircher, et al. 2006, pg 302) Studies that include brain imaging technologies have shown that the connectivity amid these regions of the brain is dysfunctional. (Tregallas, 2009) They have also shown both gray and white brain matter volume abnormalities in schizophrenic patients. (Lim, 2007) In addition, there are also abnormalities in the neurotransmitter systems regulating brain function the outgrowth discovered abnormality being the presence and transmission of dopamine. The neural basis for understanding and treating schizophrenia began with the dopamine theory (see Pinel, pg 458) that sc hizophrenia is caused by excessively high dopamine levels in the brain. As research go on in the effects of the drugs given to schizophrenia patients, it was discovered that while some drugs deplete the supply of dopamine, others engage themselves to dopamine receptors effectively blocking the ability of dopamine to activate them. This blocking of the dopamine activity sends a signal to the brain to produce more dopamine which is then broken down in the synapse resulting in an

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility Research Paper - 2

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility - Research Paper illustrationWhen the standard of care has been breached by medical practitioners and damage keister be proven as a result, patients fuel take appropriate legal action (Johnson, 2010). Duty of care guarantees compliance to complete national statutes. Secondary stakeholders, internally, are the physicians and nurses accountable for ensuring compliant medical procedures and patient oversight. Dr. DoRight must work with these staff members fooling ensuring adequate supervision of their activities. Concurrently, this stakeholder group maintains certain protections under employment law that mandate the extent to which Dr. DoRight can intervene and establish disciplinary procedures. A third stakeholder group is the arrangement circuit card charged with overseeing infirmary operations and strategic developments. The Executive Committee and Regional Compliance Manager have responsibilities for ensuring compliance to est ablished legalities in the medical field. In tandem, the governance stakeholders must ensure alignment of operational activities with established infirmary regulations developed internally. Conflicts of Interest with Stakeholders The first conflict of interest requiring analysis is the relationship between Dr. DoRight and the governance board members. The governance system maintains responsibility for ensuring the publicized integrity and reputation of the hospital, which is a fundamental form of somatic protectionism. Dr. DoRights allegations (and they are only currently allegations) of staff misconduct poses future, potential reputation problems for the hospital if investigation determines that several years have passed without taking appropriate action for criminal misconduct by nurses and physicians. The governance board and Dr. DoRight also maintain responsibility for ensuring duty of care for patients, thrusting them all into a of import conflict of interest for protecting b oth the hospital public image and also ensuring patient standards of care. Additionally, the more corporations and community organizations that conduct business with the hospital pose another conflict of interest for Dr. DoRight. Dr. DoRight has received legion(predicate) accolades for excellence in executive function, including the Medical Business Executive of the Year award in 2011. Dr. DoRight must determine whether to spare his reputation that has been gleaned through years of community and corporate trust-building whilst also maintaining responsibility to threaten legal non-compliance that jeopardizes patient safety and security. Dr. DoRight likely asks himself whether self-protectionism or community/corporate stakeholder needs should be considered the closely primary objective when considering what he believes is occurring in the organization. Has Dr. DoRight Fulfilled His Ethical Obligations? Dr. DoRight has not fully fulfilled his honourable obligations in this case. H e certainly took the appropriate steps by informing his superiors (those with power to investigate and penalize these acts) which does speak toward his maintaining some form of ethical foundation and ethical value system. However, tort law can also provide potential consequences that give him personal

The Road to the Advancement of Professional Nursing Research Paper

The Road to the Advancement of superior Nursing - Research Paper ExampleThe events that took place in her life made her to develop the impulse of becoming a nun. Her later experiences in life earned her more determination to become a health psychiatrist. It is from her experiences in life that made her to become the current leaning wall for most of the practicing nurses. beseeming to mention is the fact that she was the first nurse in world history to attain microscope stage, masters, PhD and doctorate in the profession of nursing. Hildegard Peplau opted for nursing carrier by the nature of her family during her growth. Callaway (2002) mentions that Hildegards family was full of frustrations and unrest, which made Peplau dislike qualification a family of that nature. In the reports of Callaway (2002), Hildegards father was a tyrannical man who never let his family whatsoever chance for peace. Her m new(prenominal) was a homemaker who enjoyed little peace and comfort in her own family. Hildegards intelligence and ambition are among the factors that continued to a struggled her confidence of making a difference from other girls of her age in the society. She was disturbed with the stereotypes of her society that let women to decide the way of life between cultivation and marriage (Callaway, 2002). fit in to Callaway (2002), Hildegard worked as storekeeper, payroll clerk and a bookkeeper. All these functions she accomplished in her hometown Reading. According to Callaway (2002), Hildegard enrolled in a nursing school after completing her course in business where she skilful as nurse. On completing her nursing course, Hildegard joined Bennington College as a nursing staff (Callaway, 2002). cosmos under the driving influence of curiosity and determination, Callaway (2002), confirms that Hildegard managed to get a sponsorship to carry on with degree studies in nursing. Upon graduating with degree in nursing psychology, Peplau used the World War II as an adv antage to restrain employment in the US Army where she operated as a nurse. Being a holder of degree in Nursing Psychology, Hildegard secured a chance in a military hospital in the war torn England where she worked as a psychiatrist. While in England, Callaway (2002), reports that Hildegard invented unique techniques of diagnosing and administering psychiatric health to emotionally frustrated and exhausted soldiers from war. Her great achievements in the military hospital made her to clinch additional higher(prenominal) steps in the profiling among successful healthcare providers. Luckily, Hildegard on returning from the war met a noble-minded opportunity of continuing with her education to postgraduate degree under the sponsorship of G.I. Bill. According to Callaway (2002), Hildegard had to join Columbia Universitys Teachers College in the New York. However, Callaway (2002) mentions that societal stereotypes stood on Hildegards way but she managed to ignore them and pursue her ed ucation. Callaway (2002) mentions that at the time Peplau had to join university for her postgraduate degree course in nursing psychology, she already had a sister whom she cared for. Sociologically, being a single parent contracted the social orders and this posed dire threat to her nursing career. Callaway (2002) speculates that Hildegard lived a life out of wedlock and managed to bring up her child in line with engage further education. In addition, Callaway (2002) cites that even though Hildegard had no husband to support her,

Enzymes in Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enzymes in Industry - Essay ExampleIt is the aim of this paper to discourse the workings and history of enzymes and to trace its query as well as to give an overview of how enzymes have been incorporate into various facets of industry and as a result make our day- to - day lives much easier.Enzymes are proteinaceous molecules. They catalyze a variety of reactions in the cell and every living organism is dependent on them to function. Being proteins, they are sensitive to the working conditions, like temperature, pH, etc. and often have stringent requirements of these factors in order to function properly. Each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction, and this specificity is one of the hallmarks of an enzyme. In addition, each enzyme also has current conditions within which it pull up stakes be active. The conditions vary from enzyme to enzyme, though there is generally a common point of intersection amongst them. However, some proteins will be more stable than others under conditi on x than others, or will have a wider range of toleration to circumstances.Enzymes in industry have their roots in the earlier civilizations. Fermentation of grapes to make wine is one of the earliest recorded uses of enzymes. Also recorded is the fermentation of milk to yield cheese and yoghurt. However, though they have been recorded, the significance of the process of fermentation was non looked deeply into for many centuries. People slowly became aware of yeast as a source of this fermenting activity. However it was not until the beginning of the 19th century that enzyme research as a field really took off. The history of enzyme research is given below.History Timeline1810 - Joseph Gay Lussac discovers that the principle products of sugar decomposition in yeastare ethanol and carbon dioxide.1835 - Jacob Berzelius postulates the scratch line general theory of chemical catalysis by showing that malt extracts (diastase) were capable of better catalysis of starch hydrolysis than sulfuric acid.Mid 19th century - Pasteur proposes that fermentation can only occur in living cells he assumes a vital force that is capable of this process and says that dead cells cannot catalyse fermentation.J. Liebig opposes this theory, postulating that biologic reactions are caused by substances called ferments which are themselves not living organisms.1864 - Hansen extracts chymosin from calf stomach (rennet) and uses it to ripen and execute cheese. This appears to be the first industrial use.1876 - William Kuhne coins the term enzyme in an attempt to emphasize that it is not the yeast provided something within its cell that causes fermentation.Late 1800s - Jokichi Takamine is the first person to isolate an enzyme, Takadiastase, from a microbe, Aspergillus oryzae1894 - Emil Fischer discovers that glycolytic enzymes can mention between stereoisomeric sugars leading to the lock- and - key hypothesis.1897 - Eduard Buchner ends the debate on what causes fermentation by showing that a cell-free yeast extract is still capable of carrying out fermentation.1917 - Bacterial amylase is used by Boiden and Effront to perform textile desizing.Pre- W.W.I - Otto Rohm uses pancreatic extracts to bate leather. He also later used enzymes in detergents.1926 - James Sumner crystallizes the enzyme jack bean plant urease, demonstrating conclusively that enzymes are proteins.Mid- 1930s - John Northrop, Moses Kunitz confirm the proteinaceous nature of enzymes by showing a direct correlation

3D printer Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3D printer - Lab Report ExampleThere ar several accessories required to use the equipment in the lab. An advanced slicing engine, the algorithm that directs a MakerBot Replicator, powers the machine. The satisfyings utilise work the product, just it is essential to understand the software and other computer applications that are required for the model earlier printing (3D Creation Lab). One also needs to select an appropriate polymer or business document if iodin needs a durable prototype.The process for 3D printing is a lengthy process, but in the end, it turns digital designs into realism. It involves laying successive layers of materials using a computer, in an additive process that continues until one reaches the desired product in terms of geometry and shape. A computer aided design (CAD) package is used to design a model before the printing process (3D Creation Lab). After examining the design for multiply errors, one converts the model into thin layers, which designer s tailor according to the type of printer. An inkjet printer head sets down material onto a powder bed in succession, through processes such as extrusion and

Organisational Design & the Transformation of Work Case Study

Organisational name & the Transformation of Work - Case Study ExampleThe Executives underwrite that the clients have whatever they need and their accounts be closed eventually. Now in the current situation, specialists have been bypassing executives. The executives henceforth, have no idea, regarding the account given to him by the sureness to take care of. If things continue to be like this, eventually the agency will be left without any executives. The goals of the agency and the specialists conflict. The goal of the in house specialist is to ensure that his/her idea is brought by the client.Consumer behavior governs product innovation according to changing times and trends. There is no warning before hand. Where technology is concerned, even technology is non routine at Aquarius agency. There is a round of emphasis on creativity and art. This makes it perpetually impossible to keep updated with a routine stagnant technology. The goals of the agency are customer satisfaction i n the long run and this can be done by engaging them as often as possible. The agency should capitalize on technological advances to come up with better ideas and to promote the ideas produce by its in-house specialists. New technologies should be used and capitalized upon to project better to a greater extent creative ideas of the specialists. In this way the agency will be successful in building its business sector base and attract new clients in the process. It will demonstrate its commitment to the client and their willingness to appease them and unravel them to give them what they want.In the given case study, it specified that the agency intends to make it more flexible. They want to get into a less rigid and a more adaptable approach to be able to rig any changes and meet any eventuality. They also plan on increasing cooperation and communication between diametrical departments responsible for giving the clients their desired advertising needs. All

Against Legalizing Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Against Legalizing Prostitution - Essay Examplenthropology, and Social Work at Central Michigan University and Shekarkhar works at the Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law at the University of Florida. Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar focus on the flaws of the original construction and propose alternative constructions instead of harlotry decriminalisation.According to Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar, whoredom remains illegal in most parts of the US. The authors question whether there is empirical evidence to support United States argument that prostitution must remain illegal for maintenance of public health/safety. According to the article, there are four-spot assumptions of laws on prostitution. These assumptions include illegalisation of prostitution deters the soliciting of such services, prostitution spreads sexually transmitted diseases, sex work increases the exposure of prostitutes to victimization, and prostitution creates social disorder. Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar argu e, these assumptions have fear-inducing component directed towards prostitutes (45). The authors add that the assumptions may also not be empirically valid.Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar believe that laws on prostitution are directed towards benefiting certain people and groups in society, scarcely devastating others. Community members do not have common beliefs hence, the laws are beneficial who believe that trade of sex for money is morally reprehensible and a way out of the traditional family order. The authors posit that illegalisation of prostitution leads to injustices because it stigmatizes sex workers, infringing their right to use their bodies as a source of income. The flaws identified in the current prostitution laws makes Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar call for an alternative construction for addressing the inefficiencies. Additionally, Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar posit that prostitution should actually be decriminalised because it is rampant among the upper phase citizens who se chances of criminalization are

Problematical Gender Identity in Romper Stomper Essay

Problematical Gender Identity in Romper Stomper - Essay ExampleIt seems that the main character of the movie, Hando, has absorbed all the exaggerated cast out characteristics of manhood at once. Hando attracts most attention with the help of mixture of menace and animal magnetism (Holden, 1993). His masculinity is overwhelming, charismatic, and absolutely distorted. Moreover, all the characters of Romper Stomper look like saturated versions of themselves emotionally unstable female child with serious mental disorders, her perverted father living in luxury, obedient skinhead that stays with his grandmother when he decides to quit his criminal life. This combination of exaggerated negative masculine and feminine traits creates certain dissonance of acquaintance characters be portrayed as either men or women while their general human qualities are neglected. Thus, the problematic gender identity of the characters prevents them from being humans as it imposes too many obligations an d requirements.It is impossible to get over that images created by media texts have a serious impact on society. Whether watching TV, looking through magazines or not people still shape their understanding of how a real man or a real woman should look like from media. In this regard, the image of masculinity and femininity can in any case be attributed to media construction (Gautlett, 2008). Moreover, according to the queer theory formulated by Foucault in the 1990s trip and gender are rather socially constructed than inherited or predetermined biologically (Queer Theory, 2010). That is why the fundament of masculine or feminine identity is determined by a number of factors such as social pressures, traditions, conforming, linguistic and symbolic codes and so on.

FMC Green River case study Organizational Behavior Essay

FMC Green River case tuition Organizational Behavior - Essay ExampleIn that case organizational change must be planned, monitored and controlled throughout its lifecycle, with completion occurring on full implementation and evaluation.Organizational change decisions are often complex, multi-faceted, and impact many different stakeholders with different priorities or objectives. Most people, when confronted with such a problem will plan of attack to use intuitive approaches to simplify complexity until the problem seems more manageable. In the process, important information whitethorn be lost, opposing points of view may be discarded, elements of uncertainty may be ignored -- in short, there are many reasons to expect that, on their own, man-to-mans (either lay or expert) will often amaze difficulty making informed, thoughtful choices about complex issues involving uncertainties and value tradeoffs. This fact, and the tendency of change issues to involve dual-lane resources and broad constituencies, means that group decision processes are called for. These may have some advantages over individual processes more perspectives may be put forward for consideration, the chances of having natural systematic thinkers involved is higher, and groups may be able to rely upon the more deliberative, well-informed members. However, groups are also susceptible to the tendency to establish fasten positions (defeating compromise initiatives) or to prematurely adopt a common perspective that excludes contrary information - a tendency termed group think. (McDaniels etal., 1999). For change management projects, decision makers may currently receive four types of expert input modeling/monitoring, risk analysis, cost or cost benefit analysis, and stakeholders preferences. However, current decision processes in Green River typically offer little guidance on how to integrate or judge the sexual congress importance of information from each source. Also, information comes in d ifferent forms. While modeling and monitoring results are usually presented as quantitative estimates, risk assessment and cost-benefit analyses incorporate a higher degree of qualitative judgment by the project team. Structured information about stakeholder preferences must be presented to the decision-maker, and should be handled in a perfect manner that minimizes the difficulty of defending the decision process as reliable and fair. If the structure approaches are employed, they may be perceived as lacking the flexibility to adapt to localized concerns or faithfully represent minority viewpoints. As a result,

Testing anti-bacterial agents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Testing anti-bacterial agents - quiz ExampleFirstly, the infected cell may be exposed to different types of quinolone bacteriacide. Secondly, McCoy cell monolayers should inoculate with 103 (IFU) OF C. trachomatis therefore incubated with or without ofloxacin. Result The main results of testing anti-bacterial agents will show in this paragraph. The effects of four types of antibacterial (Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Enoxacin, and Norfloxacin) in McCoy cell are different. The results may refer to the different abilities for each antibacterial to penetrate the eucaryotic cell. Moreover, the infected cell may not increase the time of incubation after the removal of anti-bacterial agents creating a little different between MIC and MLC for each antibacterial agent. On the other hand, Ofloxacin antibacterial agent may act contrary to some enzymes that are important for the survival of non-replicating intracellular chlamydia. As such, Ofloxacin has a business of treating the determined a nd calm infection. Conclusion This study derives and presents four important points. Firstly, quinolone antibacterial agent acts quickly against chlamydia. Secondly, Ofloxacin considers adapted antimicrobial agent against chlamydia infection. Thirdly, humans can achieve and maintain 1mg/l of Ofloxacin in serum. Therefore, the clinical try against chlamydia infection will be of interest. Finally, Ofloxacin may give us a tool to show the grandeur of DNA metabolism in non-replicating intracellular chlamydia organized by topoisomerases.

RGB LEDs Colour Mixing Controller Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

RGB LEDs vividness Mixing Controller - Lab Report ExampleThe major aim of designing a ethereal emitting diode mixing mastery is largely for managing and controlling shadowy emitting diodes colour points. It is also responsible for maintaining the controlled light colours to produce desired lighting effects. Another aim is to reduce cases of failed colour lighting in producing the RGB effect. For these aims to be achieved, specific objectives are necessary. Firstly, identification of all required equipment such as LEDs and power sources with tolerate current feeding is made. Secondly, the main controller is broken down into stages such that each stage can buoy produce an independent controller for the purposes of achieving desired lights at each stage. Lastly, every stage involved rehearse of assurance techniques to ensure that required voltages were attained. IntroductionLighting systems have been identified as some of the most(prenominal) beautiful creations of electronic en gineering. Achieving lighting effects depends on the equipment used, mostly, LEDs. Given that most lighting designs employ the single(a) LED technology, RGB employees the use of three Light emitting diodes, each with a corresponding primary colour. Designing and implementing RGB LEDs controller is a complicated multistage process. Achieving accuracy has been identified as one of the greatest milestones in practical electronic engineering design (Box 2010).

Economic Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Economic Development - Essay ExampleHe challenges traditional economic theories to apologize a more aggressive, humane and generous funding formula to benefit the worlds poorest nations. As rightly quoted in his book Development as FreedomFreedom is both constitutive of development and subservient to it. implemental independences include political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, foil, and warrantor, which are all different but inter-connected. Economic demand are considered by some to be more important than political freedoms, but the opposition is, Sen argues, generally illusory. He also reminds us that democracy, as well as being an end in itself, plays an instrumental role in giving people a voice and a constructive role in shaping values and norms.Political rights, including freedom of expression and discussion, are not only pivotal in inducing social responses to economic needs, they are also central to the conceptualization of economic needs themselve s. (Amartya 2001)Amartya Sen views the crowning(prenominal) goal of development as maximising peoples freedom to lead the lives they wish indoors the context of society. Political freedom and civil rights affirm importance of their own. Their value to the society does not have to be indirectly established in terms of their contribution to economic growth or otherwise such economic or social achievements. Politically unfree citizens are deficient in freedom even if they happen to enjoy a very high level of income. Freedoms can be of many another(prenominal) different kinds. In Development as Freedom, he tried to make the task more realizable by classifying diverse freedoms into five different categories, namely economic empowerment, political freedoms, social opportunities, protective security and transparency guarantees, There is nothing particularly sacrosanct about this classification, but it does cover the ground. Political freedoms and transparency guarantee particularly i n the form

The Reason for the Shift from Transactional To Relationship Marketing Essay

The Reason for the Shift from Transactional To Relationship selling - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that strategies harnessed by kindred marketers to achieve their goals include chargesing on retaining customers and long-term view of business relations as shown by Jaguar Land Rover Plc, contract on providing value to the customers as depicted by Mercedes-Benz, emphasizes on the provision of great service to clients as depicted at Starbucks. There is also an emphasis on quality relationships and customer contact through and through social media, email and text messages with this strategy exemplified by Starbucks and Costa Coffee. Business to business (B2B) approach of relationship merchandise between one firm to another and chargees on the features of the merchandise and there is the lack or very little personal emotion between the representatives of the two organizations involved. The operational guidelines of the business are the main emphasis for understanding through searching more information on the organization, and there is the requirement for marketing to be in-depth in business to business marketing. The effectiveness of marketing is dependent on the ability of the product to save time, resources, and money. On the other hand, relationship marketing approaches on business to consumer is giving a focus on product benefits and decisions have the personal emotional attachment. The message has to be short and less informed, focus on product benefits, and getting right to the point. Purchasing decisions by consumers base more on emotion.

Sports commercials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports commercials - Essay ExampleThe next advertisement that is very flourishing in its marketing outline is the Adam Oates NHL commercial. This ad is clever because it involves sexuality in the form of a woman to provoke thought. The ad uses phrases like patrols the offensive zone, and loose rebounds to compare hockey with picking up a date. This is clever on the part of the advertisers because they make hockey seem fashionable to the viewing unrestricted by contrasting score on the hockey field with scoring on the dating front.The next advertisement that is very successful in its marketing strategy is the Adam Oates NHL commercial. This advertisement is clever because it involves sexuality in the form of a woman to provoke thought. The ad uses phrases like patrols the offensive zone, and loose rebounds to compare hockey with picking up a date. This is clever on the part of the advertisers because they make hockey seem fashionable to the viewing public by contrasting scoring on the hockey field with scoring on the dating front. The net advertisement that I found to really hit the mark was the NBA Cares campaign, which contained three different ads. In the firstly two ads, a vast number of professional basketball players plead with the audience to help open to those in need. This strategy generally works because the audience likes to think that they are on the same direct as their role models. The third ad combined the use of star power with everyday fans to drop dead its message across.

Strategic Management and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 8

Strategic Management and Leadership - Essay ExampleThat year it multiplied abroad deals to act upon into the 1 air payload organization. In 2001 Fedex hit an arrangement with the United States Postal Service to transferral mail shipments and Fedex drop boxes were set in post business locales.Today, Fedex has more than 275,000 individuals worldwide with a popular day by day volume of 7.5 million shipments. It serves in excess of 220 nations. Fedex Corp today positioned round one in client fulfillment in the Express Delivery industry. Our discussion would be the strategic analysis of Fedex as a company and in the event of doing so we will be flavor into the business model, sustainability issues, the leadership approach, competitive advantage and the value chain infrastructure of the firm.Fedex is a worldwide transfer enterprise that gives services to purchasers and organizations around the world. Headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee, Fedex is headed by Fedex Corporation, which giv es vital heading and merged monetary describe for the working organizations that contend altogether under the Fedex name around the world Fedex Express, Fedex Ground, Fedex Freight, and Fedex Services. These organizations work under the maxim of work freely, contend on the whole and oversee synergistically. By working autonomously, every Fedex organization rout out center solely on conveying the best service for its particular market and abstain from squander time and assets on issues unaffiliated with its centre business. Contending on the whole under the well-known Fedex name guarantees that the greater part of the working organizations profit from being a part one of the worlds most distinguished brands.Fedex is in short a $29 billion organization and posted incomes in abundance of $35.5 billion in fiscal 2009. From shipping only 186 bundles on its first day of operations in 1973, the organization has

Avoiding Alignment Trap Essay Example for Free

Avoiding Alignment kettle of fish EssayThis case analysis discusses the findings in the name Avoiding the Alignment Trap, where even though most companies atomic number 18 cognisant that IT must be ordained with business strategy in terms of aligning IT expenses with taxation gain, over 11% of companies that align IT with business strategy perish more than 13% on fair on IT expenses with a resulting of less than 14% amount in tax revenue growth. The objective of this case analysis is to recommend a governance army that will bring most companies that atomic number 18 currently have less effective IT alignment with business alignment to IT-enabled growth where the cost of IT more than compensates with the revenue growth of the company. The recommendation is to adopt a Duopoly governance arrangement where twain(prenominal) the CEO and CIO make findings, form a mission to oversee IT conclusivenesss and business strategy decisions made by these leading, and ensur e adequate decision making and observe of performance based on IT and business-related decisions. The ISO 38500 give the axe be used as a framework to monitor these decisions and measure out IT decisions based on their say-so, alignment with overall strategy and the value they bring to the brass instrument.CURRENT SITUATIONAccording to the article, almost every company is aware that IT and business strategies must be aligned in order to gain competitive advantage in their industry. This means their IT outlay must be matched with their growth strategies. To test this nonion, the authors of this article surveyed 452 companies and received 504 responses. The survey opinionated the companies IT spending and 3-year sales compounding to determine annual growth rate. In their survey, they have found the next 1.74% of these companies do not align IT to their business strategies. Companies allocate enough funds to their IT necessary to keep the systems running. It is not meant to a dd value to the business. As a result, their growth rate is 2% below on average on a three-year span 2.11% of these companies have super aligned IT with business strategy, but not highly effective.Their IT spending was 13% higher than average and their revenue growth rate was 14% below average3.8% of these companies spent 15% lower than average on IT that resulted in an 11% in a higher place average revenue growth rate. 4.7% of these companies spent 6% lower than average on IT that resulted in more than 35% above average revenue growth rate. To apply these findings against the different governance models, the 74% of companies that do not align IT to their business strategies have a Federal Model of Governance Arrangements. Federal Models are decisions made by leaders from different functional departments and in this type of Governance Model, they mostly pay more solicitude on personal credit line Application Needs and less on IT Principles, IT Architecture Infrastructure Strate gies. 11% of companies that are highly aligned and yet incur more spending than revenue growth fall to the Business Monarchy Governance Model. In this type of governance arrangements, decisions are made by senior business leader. In the Charles Schwab example in the article, their governance arrangement is IT Monarchy. Their decisions were made by IS leader and determine more idiom on IT Architecture, Infrastructure strategies and have resulted in worst business application needs.CRITERIATo put an organization in an IT-enabled growth quadrant, an organization should adopt a Duopoly Model of governance arrangement where senior business leaders and IS leaders make decisions jointly. In other words, the CEO and CIO must work closely together to make grow the best IT principles and align it with the firms business strategy as a whole. Also, they must hold information technology that is less complex. In the words of Leonardo Da Vinci per the article simplicity is the ultimate sophist ication. By reducing complexness, the company builds simplified, standardized infrastructure rather than extensive customizing of information technology. With these 2 put together, it undersurface result in effective IT governance which will enable growth in revenue in the future.Alternatives and RecommendationsWith respect to the article, the 85% of the companies that fall to the less effective quadrant in IT governance can start adopting a Duopoly Governance Arrangement where both the CEO and CIO work together and make decisionsjointly. With Duopoly, a committee can be formed to oversee IT decisions, rate the IT leadership by the CIOs continuous monitoring managers within the organization in their decision making oversight. However, some organizations do not adopt a duopoly governance arrangement due to its size. Therefore, the next governance arrangement that can be adopted by the organizations is the Business Monarchy where decisions are made by senior business leader.With th is model, the business leader can entreat for the financial managers help to identify the kinds of information and system the organization needs, perform cost-benefit analysis, evaluate options based on priority setting and needs assessment and determine whats important and recruit as benefit. Most of all, there must be adequate communication throughout the organization of the decision. The article suggests that to achieve an effective IT governance, companies must keep their IT environment simple. Although achieving a simple IT environment and standardizing it within the organization requires investment of time and money, in the future this can lead to lower costs. Even though complexity can still creep in, it is suggested that the company have an early-warning indicator that will keep track of IT spending with product development. If this ratio starts to increase, it is a sign that its time for another simplification. Down the road, companies can clear the IT-enabled quadrant w here costs are less and revenue growth is more.RISK MANAGEMENT PLANTo ward off the alignment trap, the best governance arrangement that can help an organization change its status from universe trapped in aligning IT with business strategy to IT-enabled growth is to adapt a Duopoly governance arrangement where senior business leaders and IS leaders make decisions jointly-meaning the CEO and the CIO work closely together. Both these decision makers can form a committee to oversee IT decisions and ensure managers are monitored in their decision-making and oversight. They must as well adapt a simple IT application eliminate add-ons and replacing legacy systems. For guidance in decision making by the committee, the organizations can adopt ISO 38500 where the following 6 principles focuses on 3 main tasks. These 6 principles are 1.Responsibility everyone involved in thecommittee should understand responsibilities and have the authority to meet those responsibilities2. schema aligning IT Strategy Organizational Strategy and analysing the current and future situations of the organization and consider both the needs of organization and those that can be done within its own IS department3.Acquisitions can be made after both careful and rational analysis. The acquisition decision must be transparent and justified4.Performance information systems are implemented such that service levels and quality levels meet the organizations needs both directly and in the future5.Conformance compliance with regulations legislations 6.Human Behaviour ensures respect for current and evolving needs of all individuals involved The 3 main tasks are1.Evaluate current and future needs on a continual basis focuses on continual improvement incorporates the principles above both now and in the future2.Preparation and Implementation of investment plans the committee needs to make sure that responsibilities for plans and policies are clearly being assigned3.Monitor performance and c onformance to policies against the plans important in monitoring expected service levels being met. If this is not done properly, then there wont be appropriate information for decision making. Reaching the IT-enabled quadrant is not easy and it involves a big investment in simplifying the IT used within the organization. This is why most organizations focuses temporarily on effectiveness of IT implementations within the organization more than alignment of IT with organizational strategy. This means giving up specific applications customized on a particular division in order to achieve its desired performance and centralizing and simplifying a good part of the IT function.

Commanding Heights Essay Example for Free

Commanding Heights move Episode 1 The Battle of Ideas begs a comparison between socialism and capitalism. It traces the worlds sparing history from the early 1900s to the events following 9/11. Asks the question which is a better and more goofproof economic system government control or unbosom markets? It delves into how the First World War wedged two brilliant economists, Keynes and Hayek. And then follows both Keynes and Hayek through their respective career paths (Keynes role as an adviser to the British Government on wartime economy and Hayek as an Austrian soldier). Keynes predicted that the result of the treaty of Versailles and demanding reparations from an already demote Germany and Austria would cause another war, The Second World War. Meanwhile Hayek and his disciple Zlabinger fought against hyper inflation and encouraged free markets. concurrently the American Economy was booming, till October 24th, 1930 when the great depression hit and unemployment soared and industry stopped and half of the US banks were closed down. During this time Keyness theory of government intervention helped lead the way out of the task (Keynes wrote about Macroeconomics). Meanwhile Lenin had introduced the New Economic Policy which consisted of grass root level capitalism and the commanding heights would still be under the government. The reform was met with scrutiny from the left, soon after Stalin took designer and employed centralised planning of every economic aspect. Owing to the recovery from the Great Depression and Keynes pick out role in the Breton Woods Conference, in America Keynesianism took control and Hayek faded into the background. In Britain a offbeat state and socialism built the country back from the bottom up. Newly independent countries like India similarly employed Keynesian methods, allowing for State led industry. One third of the world followed aspects of socialism until Churchill and Margaret Thatcher and Keith Joseph were influe nced by Hayeks book, Road to Serfdom. In Germany, Ludwig Erhard stopped price control and re-started the free market economy to combat hyperinflation. The victor of his risky decision led to the German Economic Miracle. While Keynes still had a strong oppose over Washington, a Chicago School of Economics was created and it emphasised Hayeks theory as a measure to battle stagflation. Finally Thatchers election and confidence in Hayeks theory allowed for free markets to be established again. Thus, after a period of a century came back to where it was at the blood line of the century, back to free markets.

A Comparison of how Fear and Tension Essay Example for Free

A Comparison of how solicitude and Tension EssayBoth authors use dread and strain in their stories. The post of the Speckled stage set was written in the nineteenth century and is set in Victorian England, whereas talking in Whispers is set in Chile, and was written towards the end of the twentieth century, but both contain alike(p) elements of fear and tension. The authors use different techniques in order to create tension and fear, and I will analyse some of these in the course of my essay. I will begin by looking at Watsons novel. Fear and tension are created in three main ways in The Adventure of the Speckled Band namely character, setting and plot.First, I will look at character. The character that creates the most fear and tension in the story is Dr. Grimesby Roylett. He is a very angry, loud and impatient man. He is powerful and intelligent. He once beat his native butler to death. He is the terror of the village near his manor. He has no friends at all and says of himself, I am a dangerous man to fall foul of. He is described as a fierce old bird of prey, and he keeps wild animals. Doyle creates lots of fear and tension through the character of Roylett. He is described by his stepdaughter as a short indurate man with fits of rage approaching to mania, and then when Miss Stoner has left, Dr. Roylett comes in and proves all that has been said about him.Next, I will examine setting. The setting of the story plays an important part in creating fear and tension, in the first place through Stoke Morran and its manor. The manor and its grounds are in the middle of the countryside, and therefore it is easy to theorise that it could become very dark and desolate there. Also, wild animals (a cheetah and a baboon) are kept on the grounds thus adding to the sense of fear. The manor itself is very large and old, just the place for a dispatch mystery and this really helps with the atmosphere. The manor for all its size is largely uninhabited, with on ly a few rooms being used. This gives it an eerie atmosphere, a place where anything could happen.Now, I will analyse the plot. Apart from a blood-red herring near the start, the main part of the plot is how was the crime committed? and not who did it? as it is intelligible almost from the beginning that Dr. Roylett is guilty. When Helen Stoner comes to Holmes, and talks about her sisters death, she mentions that her sisters last words were it was the mottle band and she says that the gypsies wore speckled handkerchiefs, and also that she thinks that the gypsies have been making the whistling noise. The reader jumps to the conclusion that the gypsies killed her sister.However, once you get to Stoke Moran, your ideas and thoughts presently change. Holmes tries to get into Helen Stoners room from the outside, but finds it impossible, so the reader thinks that the cause of death must have come from the inside, and that the killer is Doctor Roylett. When Holmes finds the dummy bel lpull, the ventilator, the milk and the marked chair, it starts to look like Dr Roylett committed the murder in a very complicated way.When Holmes decides to spend the night in the room, the quiet and darkness, as well as Holmes construction that this was a very dangerous situation, makes this scene full of tension. When Holmes jumps up and strikes at the bellpull, the tension is both released and added to, because lastly something has happened, but you are not totally sure what.Doyle often uses rather long, unfolding sentences in this story. This has 2 effects one, to make sure that the reader is well informed and can think about what is written, and two, it keeps the tone of action slow.

India a Global Economic Super Power Essay Example for Free

India a Global Economic Super index finger EssayNew parts of the human bes that were not long ago considered undeveloped, backwater countries, be now winning mettle stage in the global economy. Much has been publicized nigh the ascendance of Chinas economy, as it has find a major venue for the manufacturing of products sought after by worldwide consumers eager for cheaper goods. However, Chinas Asian neighbor, India, withal has a vigorously ripening economy. Indias economy is partly being fueled by companies around the world seeking to reduce their be by outsourcing some of their trading operations there. A promenade 9, 2005 article in the International Herald Tribune ideaed that within 30 years, India is projected to have the worlds third largest economy and more than than(prenominal) people than China. Russell DSouza, International Credit Risk music director for Hallmark International, pointed out that India implemented modern, capitalistic frugal reforms i n the early 1990s that are producing positive results. The Tribune article reported that Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, who as Finance Minister championed these reforms, proposed major enthronizations in his first budget for culture, modernizing Indias colonial-era infrastructure, and lowering tariffs.DSouza also noted India has regenerate its banking regulations. India has liberalized its laws to allow foreign banks to take over branches. Local Indian private banks are allowed to set up foreign bank branches. The banking rules have been liberalized considerably. The CIA World Factbooks website estimates that by July 2005, Indias population will be slightly few than 1. 1 billion, of nearly 16 percent of the worlds population, not far behind Chinas, which is projected to be 1. 3 billion.Market Place PRI, a business radio program, reported on March 14, 2005 that a juvenile economic survey predicted India would grow at 7 percent this year. However, the report went on to assert th at more economic analysts say that India needs to improve its infrastructure. DSouza, who grew up in India but now lives in the U. S, experient the problems India has with the Lagging state of much of its infrastructure. Youve got an infrastructure that is woeful. Its one of Indias biggest Achilles heels.Its worse than Chinas. Just the sheer size of its growing middle consort pop the questions a massive potential market for India-based companies. DSouza said the size of Indias middle class is over 200 million people. Consumer goods are exploding in India. on that point are people with cash analogous Ive never seen before. Indias geopolitical importance and stature are growing too. U. S. foreign policy officials view India, with its strategical location, as an important counter-balance to the growing political and military power of China.U. S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice began a six-nation tour of Asia in India on March 16. An article that same day in the Tribune n oted that analysts in Delhi viewed her stop there as a positive sign the United States was eager to underline Indias increase importance on the U. S. foreign policy agenda. Talks between Rice and Singh focused on exoneration and military cooperation, economy and trade and synergies in energy and environmental protection. India possesses some advantages that make it especially suitable to provide little expensive business swear outs for companies. China, on the other hand, has excelled in the manufacture of cheaper products. The cardinal main advantages for India is that it has an estimated 200 million people who speak English and also a world-class teaching method system. India is a bilingual country, DSouza said. He noted this is a byproduct of its former status as a British colony. It has an advantage over China, he said, in that respect.The educational system in India has produced a world-shaking come up of chartered accountants, doctors, MBAs, lawyers, research analysts and other professionals, some(prenominal) of whom will work in India for much less than their professional counterparts in the U. S. and Europe. Alok Aggarwal, Co-founder of Evalueserve, which offers business intelligence, market research and intellectual property services to clients in northwest America, Europe and Asia, noted there are two types of services offered on an outsourced basis. Business Process Outsourcing, or BPO, needs more routine processing of data.Ravi Aron, Professor of operations and information management at the University of Pennsylvanias Wharton School, said examples of BPO involve more routine functions where there is a predefined way of doing tasks or even reaching conclusions, as in data entry, accounts maintenance and customer service activities such as those performed at call centers. BPOs typically provide such services as setting up bank accounts, selling an insurance policy and phonation and e-mail-based computer support. Aggarwal said that a high er Level of service than BPO is called Knowledge Process Outsourcing or KPO.KPO involves high-end processes such as investment research and Legal and insurance claims processing. In a March 21, 2005 article in the India cartridge clips News Network, Pavan Bagai, Vice President, strategic businesses, EXL said, Imagine unsorted data going through a black box and coming out as useful information. In KPOs the black box is your mind. There is no predefined process to reach a conclusion. In either BPO or KPO, India often offers a huge cost savings potential over those functions being performed by American workers in the U. S.Aron said that in credit card-related functions, the cost of an American worker, including benefits and overhead, ranges from $48-55 per instantwhile in India, those costs are lonesome(prenominal) $18-24. A report by Hay Associates estimated that the fully burdened costs of an accounting clerk in Stamford, CT, is $69 per bit, while in Bangalore, India it is $4 per hour. (Though Alok disputes that number saying that surely the loaded costs in Bangalore would be $7-$8 per hour the cost differential is still staggering. ) French Associates reported that a $50,000 U.S. clerical worker would cost only $10,000 in India and would be a top graduate. This huge gap in employee direct and indirect costs is even more dramatic with KPO services.When you go with high-end work thats when the game gets interesting, Aron said. He said employee costs per hour for an equity research analyst in the U. S. would range from $230-$250 while in India it would only be about $30. Should you find it suitable to relocate, (to one of the countries that offers much cheaper employee costs) you will experience huge savings, Aron said. If you look al the project cost difference there is a 5-1 to 8-1 cost factor, added Aggarwal, whose firm actually provides equity research and investment banking research services. American doctors are very hard workingbut they dont work f ive clippings harder than Indian doctors. The March 21 Indiatimes Network article reported that India, with its knowledge base and lower costs, will be jumper lead the pack in the race for KPO business. The article referred to a report by Evalueserve that India will capture more than 70 percent of the KPO territory by 2010. Indias parcel trade body reported that export revenues from software outsourcing will reach $17. 3 billion in the fiscal year ending March 2005. In a foundation by Marc Vollenweider, President and CEO of Evalueserve, it was projected that by 2010 India will have about 1. 1 million people occupied in BPO. According to Vollenweider, U. S. companies may be compelled to outsource receivable to his projection of a labor shortage. According to his figures, by fiscal year 2010, the U. S. is projected to experience a shortfall of 5. 4 million workers. In that same timespan, the U. Ks shortfall is projected to be . million workers.Vollenweiders presentation conclud ed that, Global Sourcing has become an economic imperative for the developed nations to maintain and sustain their historical and current growth. Offshoring IT and BPO services to low-wage destinations provides a viable solution to developed nations who are struggling against the significant shortage of clever labor. Evalueserve projects that by 2010 India will have 820,000 employed in low-end BPO services generating total revenues of USD 18 billion and 250,000 workers employed in high-end KPO services generating USD 12 billion. A number of major U.S. -based corporations have set up operations in India or have outsourced certain business services to Indian firms.A report by French Associates indicated India has become a venue for major development centers for IBM and Microsoft. Major corporations like Ford, JP Morgan Chase and HP are currently setting up operations there. General Electric, however, probably has utilized the manpower resources of India more extensively than any oth er major American Corporation. GEs involvement in India began in September 1989, gibe to a front-page, March 23, 2005, The Wall Street Journal article.Al that time, then-CEO Jack Welch flew to India for a sales come across to sell products to India. During that stop in India, Welch met with Indian government officials who pitched him the idea of having some of his gilds needs provided by its emerging high-tech sector. Today, The WSJ article pointed out, India earns more than $17 billion from corporations worldwide seeking low-cost afield talent Although GE is hesitant about taking credit for a trend that has taken many American jobs overseas, most corporate observers agree GE played a major role in the outsourcing boom.The WSJ article further noted that in 1995, GE created GE Capital International Services, now cognize as Gecis, to handle backroom work and market analysis. In 1999 Gecis established the first international call center in India and in 2000 GE opened a research center in Bangalore to tap the skills of Indian engineers. The WSJ article reported that in November 2004, GE sold a controlling interest in Gecis and now the company will seek business from other companies. French Associates estimated that GE had 5,000 FTEs (full-time equivalents) in India in 2000.That number grew to 12,000 FTEs by the end of 2003. The WSJ article also reported that in 2000, GE opened the Jack F. Welch engineering Center in Bangalore that employs thousands of researchers working on everything from new refrigerators to jet engines. A recent GE report indicated the company plans to spend about $600 million this year on computer-software development from Indian companies. Val Venable, CCE, Credit Manager for GE Advanced Materials, in reference to GEs outsourcing efforts in India, said, We certainly have been a major player.For our company and a plenty of companies, youre always looking for quality suppliers at low cost. It makes business sense to do it. Venable, w ho spoke in India in late March during a five-week business trip there, said that her operations are split between the U. S. and India. Part of my collections team sits in the U. S. and some of it is in India. She said that employee assignation between that in the U. S. and India is proportional to the workload. If I have 70 percent of my people in India, I look to have 70 percent of my work there.My people in the U. S. have a lot more credit experience, so they do a lot of the credit decisions. In Venables case, even though GE does not wholly own Gecis anymore, it has not changed her operations. My relationship with my team has not changed. We work in concert and we have sub-teams. For our credit and collections teams we didnt see a difference. My people from the India and the U. S. have been trained the same. The cost savings of operations in India arent just confined to personnel expenses Venable said. Its not just the cost of the people.Over here I have different IT costs an d I have different training costs. She acknowledged that many Indian employees are well educated and enthusiastic about their work. Theres a huge emphasis on education here. Its their first experience in business. On the issue that some Americans have complained about not being able to understand customer services representatives in India, Venable said, Some of my team have fairly slopped accents, but have you ever called Texas of Mississippi? They have accents too.We usually work on that. Thats part of the service to the customers. An unavoidable drawback Venable mentioned of outsourced services emanating from India to American consumers is, If youre going to have a team in India, theres a time zone difference. She said the time zone difference between India and the U. S. is 9. 5 hours and 4. 5 hours between India and the U. K. She san the time zone difference actually has not been a major problem for her operations. The areas around the call centers are becoming a 24-hour cult ure. Probably in the next 20 years were going to have practical(prenominal) offices and it wont matter where people sit. Does everybody need to sit in the same room? Probably not.

Country Case Report for China Essay Example for Free

Country Case Report for china canvassThe third largest land area in the world belongs to the Peoples Republic of mainland China. Presently, its population is the largest on the record and its detonator, Beijing is the stinting and cultural center. Chinas economic growth greatly improves unwrap-of-pocket to the trend of meagerness decrease during the halt of 1980-1990. From 542 million to 375 million, shrinking by 167 million, Chinas poverty population exceedingly reduced. Angang verbalized that Chinas achievements in poverty reduction made vast contri preciselyions to the cause of poverty reduction of the world (2). According to serviceman Bank, the poverty population of the world dropped forth by 98.3 million. Among the five Asian countries with the nearly condensed poverty population are India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia, and according to the industrial poverty line, Chinas current proportion of poverty population is the lowest. Statistics show that China has undergo a period of human history in which poverty population decreased by a largest margin in the past 2 decades, and reversed the trend that poverty population has been increasing in the past five decades in the world history, causing the poverty population of the world to decrease for the source time.That is to say, without Chinas efforts of poverty reduction, the poverty population of the world would have increased from 848 million in 1980 to 917 million in 1990. (Angang, 2-3). Ambassador Baodong stated that the Development-oriented Poverty reduction program for Rural China for the period of 2001-2010 generated grand effects in the planetary poverty reduction. The number of rural population in China declined to 21. 48 million and 2. 3% of national poverty incidence was accounted for the 55% of global poverty reduction in 2007 (Baodong, 1).Technological development plays a vital citation in the res publicas economic growth. From 1980 to 1990, Chinas expenditure am ounted to US $17billion for imported technology. The trend of research and development made an coarse leap. As a result there has been a modest amount of growth in the nations development however the inefficiencies posted to be the chief dilemma. At the end of 1990, statistics illustrated that 50 of imprints large and medium enterprises only reached 10 percent of international level of quality standards and 30 percent arrived at the prototype stage using the new programs.From the course of instruction 2001 2005, this country became a major IT nation in the world, standing third place in manufacturing setting and first rank in telecommunications. The business cycle of the Chinese prudence had undergone substantial magnitude from the time when the government established in the mid1950s centralized economic management and planning. The period from 1979-1990 was depicted with relative stability and high escalation. In 1955-1978 economic growth rates, the movement went from 5. 7 pe rcent to 9.3 percent in 1979 to 1993 period. investment cycles, harvest variances, political disturbances, inflation and periodic retrenchments are the major factors that affect business cycles. Downturn was evident during 1980-1981, because an upswing from 1982 1989 and the business cycle in 1989 was an opposite downturn and an upturn in 1990. Imais stated that his conclusion on Chinese business cycle stated that cycle interacts with exogenous shocks and generates business cycles with dissimilar amplitude and duration.An investiture cycle is generated by patterned reaction of central planners who ad further the level of fixed investment in response to capacity pressure, an indicator of macroeconomic tension. An instititutional prerequisite of this cycle is the weak monetary accountability of state enterprises (178). Economists added that the efficiency wedge, which represents institutional change and technology climb on, was the main source of economic fluctuations in 1978 2006. The amplitude of it fluctuation declined after 1992, which resulted in moderation of business cycle fluctuations.Distortions manifest themselves as taxes on investment, which represents frictions in the cap market, became another economic fluctuation source after 1992, which is different from results of business cycle accounting on US and Japan data. Results too show that government consumption and net exports played minor roles in generating business cycles (Gao). Chinas world trade generated a strong impact on its growth. Imports and exports take China to be among the worlds most world-shattering export destinations for other Asian countries. Since the year 1979, the countrys global trade gradually improved.Presently, Japans exports of 11 percent came from China, onwards it was only 2 percent during the end of 1990. The Chinese government implemented obligation reductions in fix up to continue its longstanding trend in world trade. During 2004, Chinas tariff rates dro pped from 0. 6 to 10. 4 percent. Part of the countrys trade reforms to (WTO) World Trade Organization is to lessen tariff rates and eliminate import quotas and licenses, contributeing sectors for foreign country involvement such as telecommunications, financial and insurance services.Complete access to foreign participants is greatly assured through automatic licensing procedures. Eradication of limitations on trading and domestic distribution for majority of goods is also part of the plan. According to WTO, China will obligate import state trading for wheat, rice, corn, sugar, tobacco, cotton and chemical fertilizers, as with export trading, corn, tea, rice, coal, silk, crude and processed oils, cotton, atomic number 74 and ammonium products are included. In addition to this, China had been permanently bestowed with the most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment by other participants of WTO.As response to this honor, nigh countries have abolished restrictions on Chinas imports. The co ntributing factor for the doable boost in Chinas trade is when quota restrictions are lifted. Chinas membership to World Trade Organization made enormous effect on some of the trends in relation to the role of China in international trade. Examples comprise of its magnetism to foreign investors and developing role in global export base. This is evident in IMF statistics that showed its market share in Japan, United States and Europe, from the period 1980 to 1990, an overall sum total of 10.3 percent, and end of 2003, a whopping 37 percent (Source IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics). Just as water always flows to the lowest point, China is bound to be the first option for foreign capital investment (Chinas Cheap A1). Chinas repel force is considered cheap and also of good quality. It is estimated that nose candy million of employees in rural areas are likely to be waiting to be changed to urban workers. The campaign Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is a pregnant gauge to quantif y the labor supply of PR China. In the period of 1980-1990, the LFPR in China is higher among other countries.The most likely basis is somewhat low income level. There is high participation in the labor force among women because one wage wage earner is inadequate to support a family. In the last 5 years (2002-2007), womens participation in the labor force exceedingly increased according to APEC statistics. Presently, the government was executing the guidelines which were implemented during 1997, which was the division of labor market between urban and rural areas. The labor market is exclusively for high school graduates or those with lower educational background.This probable outcome of this situation is the layoffs in urban places and labor superfluity in rural areas. In the coming years, it has been forecasted that China might face a nationwide labor shortage. The country is fast approaching the Lewisian turning point. It is a theory by Arthur Lewis stating the turning point fr om surplus labor to labor scarcity. In the year 1980, State Council issued a decree prohibiting the use of foreign rallying for making payments in China. Foreign exchange rates or Waihui, equal in value to the Renminbi at effective rate, were put into circulation for use by nonresidents only.It could be use for transportation fares, hotel bills and purchases at Friendship stores. accordingly in 1981, the foreign trade rate was since fixed at 2. 80 from 1. 750. In 1985, the internal firmness of purpose rate was abolished and all trade was governed by the Effective Rate. A foreign exchange retention quota also exists for a portion of export proceeds. Authorization was granted for Chinese residents to hold foreign exchange and open foreign exchange accounts and to deposit and withdraw funds in foreign exchange.In the year 1986, The trade-weighted field goal of currencies was abandoned and the Effective Rate was placed on a controlled float based on developments in the balance of pa yments and in costs and exchange rates of Chinas major competitors. yarn-dye International Trust and Investment Corporation was authorized to handle exchange business. In 1988, early this year, all domestic entities which are allowed to guard foreign exchange earnings were granted permission to trade in the adjustment centers, and by October 1988, 80 adjustment centers were established.Initially, a relatively small mickle of transactions took place in these markets, but the volume has increased substantially since access to the centers was expanded. The Foreign Exchange switch over Rate was 6. 60 from 3. 72. In 1989, regulations were issued establishment the use of foreign exchange obtained in foreign exchange adjustment centers. Imports of inputs for the agricultural sector, textile, and for technologically advance and light industries were given priority. Purchases of foreign exchange for a wide rank of consumer products were prohibited.Such corporations are permitted to tr ansfer in China for foreign exchange provided that the sales involve purchases under the Governments annual import plan, sales in Special economical Zones and other promotional areas, and sales of import substitutes. The Foreign Exchange Swap Rate was 5. 40 from 3. 72. By the end of 1990, The Foreign Exchange Swap Rate was 5. 70 from 5. 22. (Ka Fu) Presently, promethium Jiabao stated in the Annual Meetings of the Board of Governors of the African Development Bank Group in Shanghai that the government continues to push the Renminbi exchange rate reform in order to confer larger range to the role of the market.The reform permits citizens to purchase more foreign currencies and commercial banks. Financial market development has been highlighted with Chinas monetary reforms. The Peoples Bank of China (PBC) has made great strides in modernizing its monetary insurance policy frameworks but their effectiveness will diminish as the sophistication of the economy increases. Empirical evid ence supports maintaining a reference to money in Chinas monetary strategy and enhancing the role of interest rates in its conduct (Maino, 44).The most suitable monetary strategy for China would be an eclectic monetary policy framework, whereby the growth in money supply and bank credit extension are used as intermediate guidelines for the close of short-term interest rates. In addition, in deciding on the most appropriate monetary policy stance, developments in a number of other variables need to be taken into consideration, because the monetary aggregates are loosing some of their usefulness as indicators of future inflation due to structural changes in the economy (Maino, 40).The IMF also points out that Chinese monetary policy could improve noticeably if the central bank were granted more arbitrary power to set interest rates. In the last two years, increases in the trade surplus and significant inflows of foreign capital have led to a large accumulation of international reser ves, which has further heterogeneous monetary policy handling. In this respect, the IMF has welcomed the changes introduced into the Chinese exchange rate system as a significant step towards making this system more flexible.Although it is difficult to define an equilibrium exchange rate, and not just revaluation, must be adopted if china is to increase the independence of its monetary policy and shield its economy against external shocks (Ruete, 8). Works Cited Angang, Hu. Chinas economic growth and poverty reduction (1978-2002). 2 June 2003. IMF. 20 April 2008 http//www. imf. org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/angang. pdf. Baodong, Li. Remarks by Ambassador LI Baodong At Ministerial Roundtable Breakfast of Economic and Social Council On Food, Nutrition and Agriculture Working Together to End Hunger.12 July 2007. China-UN. 22 April 2008 http//www. china-un. ch/eng/xwdt/t339666. htm Chinas Cheap, High-quality restriction Lures Foreign Investment. Editorial. Xinhua News Age ncy 21 December 2002, A1. Gao, Xu. Business Cycle Accoounting for the Chinese Economy. N. p. n. p, n. d. http//www. wdi. umich. edu/files/Publications/WorkingPapers/wp795. pdf Imai, Hiroyuki, Explaining Chinas Business Cycles. 6 June 1996. IDE. 22 April 2008 http//www. ide. go. jp/English/Publish/De/pdf/96_02_03. pdf. Ka Fu, Wong.International Economics. 1 January 2007. 23 April 2008. http//intl. econ. cuhk. edu. hk/exchange_rate_regime/index. php? cid=8. Manio, Rodolfo. China Strengthening Monetary indemnity Implementation. 1 January 2007. Social Science Research Network. 23 April 2008 http//papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm? abstract_id=959761. Ruete, Javier. The Development of Chinas Export Performance. 7 March 2006. aboriginal Reserve Bank of Peru. 23 April 2008 http//www. bcrp. gob. pe/bcr/dmdocuments/Ingles/Comunicaciones/Press_200602. pdf.

Genetically Modified Food Essay Example for Free

Genetically Modified Food Es understandIn 1973, scientists discovered well-nighthing that has the potential to change the world we endure in forever they discovered Genetic Modification. Genetic readjustment is exactly what it sounds like it is the modification of genes in stance a living organism. This of course could be used on populace or animals but as soon as this discovery was made safety precautions were stray into place to stop people using this new technology in the wrong way. The secret to communicable modification of genes lies in the plasmid. A plasmid is a ring of deoxyribonucleic acid inside bacteria and give the gate be used to change the genetic message inside the bacteria. For example if you were to want to render insulin you would buy victuals the insulin producing gene from the pancreas cell of a human and cut open the plasmid and insert it the gene. This new DNA created is called recombinant DNA. The bacteria would then go on to produce human insu lin. Since this is the basis of how this technology works it piece of tail also be transferred to foods.Scientists atomic number 18 now looking how they can genetically modify food in the world to make it better and hardier than the food nature produces. Some foods have already been genetically modified and argon being grown widely throughout the United States. Crops such(prenominal) as Soya, Cotton, Maize and Potatoes be already modified and sold throughout the country. Scientists have genetically modified these straddles to make them resistant to herbicides (weed slayers) and to create their own poison that kills pests that eat the crop. These highly advanced crops are more likely to produce food for harvesting than normal crops would.With this new genetically modified food it raises issues about just what can be done with it. Places such as Africa which have lots of drought may find that a crop could be developed that would be resistant to drought and could actually surviv e the harsh conditions and produce crops. A crop that is being developed right now is rice that contains vitamin A that can easily be absorbed into the body. Since poorer countries have a serious lack of vitamin A this new crop would help them to assume the nutrients they need to be healthy.These two crops could be a huge help to world hunger. More food could be produced and the food would make the people that eat it healthier. However, at that place cant only be heavy news about GM food or else it would be put into production throughout the world. some(prenominal) are concerned that GM crops could have a huge impact on the environment. Many say scientists are playing around with something that they dont understand and could damage wildlife and the environment. Concerns of how the GM crops would affect wildlife are a self-aggrandising concern.It has been found out that the crops that have built in poisons to kill pests could also kill other animals such as butterflies. This cou ld have an impact on the food web that the butterfly is apart of. There are also worries of a superweed being created accidentally by the gene that makes the crop resistant to herbicides. People are worried that this gene could get into a weed and make it resistant to the chemicals that are used to kill it. This would make it very difficult to rid crops of weeds and they could have the potential of spreading across the world. another(prenominal) worries of GM crops include cross-pollination of other plants with these super crops. Farmers that grow organic food may find that some pollen from a GM Crop has pollinated with their crop and made a new hybrid plant. Overall it would come on that there are both positive and negative aspects to the genetic modification of crops. On the positive side there is the possibility that world hunger could be helped by these new crops. However there are the negative aspects that GM crops could have an irreversible impact on the world and environment in which we live in.If further tests were conducted on how GM crops would affect the world in which we and many other species live, maybe there could be some agreement on how we should go about using this new technology that has been discovered. at last genetic modification may be taken to new heights by genetically modifying humans and animals to be stronger and smarter. But hopefully this will not be so because then scientists would really be messing around with something that they are not sure about. This could also have huge impacts on the world.

Sensing and Control Essay Example for Free

perceive and Control EssayThere are hundred and millions of softwares that use espial and cook. Companies need to use sensing and hold in. Otherwise computers will non be able to communicate with each other and we will not be able to live without the sensing and control program be endeavour it is an e very(prenominal) day use. Sensing and control is in the main employ to start and stop things without a human being there. An example of this would be trading lights. They work automatically using sensors. Cameras use sensors to record what is going on. Speed cameras use sensors because when cars go all over a limit of speed it takes pictures. This is where sensors are employ.We need sensors because it I part of our every day live. This affects the caller very widely and efficiently. Having sensors keeps order and peace among the people that we live among. It help the decrease of road slash and safety for the passer bys.This software fit into this organization because th is software is all about sensing and control it widely helps the company and makes their lives much easier. Imagine if there were no traffic lights what do you think the cause would be? There would be accidents there will be patience with in the public. What would happen when cars attempt to a crossing and there are no traffic lights BANG you get a larger-than-life collision?We all depend on a little software that helps keep order among the streets.1. A control system typically comprises2. A computer or microprocessor3. A control program which handles info from sensors and sends signals to output devices.4. An interface box to convert signals between the sensors and processorMost systems can response very quickly and efficiently to the computer. Most system run 24 hours a day and 365 days a year. Most systems are controlled by the computer. This is very efficient. This also prevents humans from working in very treacherous places and use controlled computers to do the work. This is a fact that computers can process dataComputers are now use to control some(prenominal) types of devices such asAir conditioning and central heating systems are used in buildings and homes.Security systems used to prevent burglaries and own protection.Manufacturing processing.Traffic lights and pedestrians.SensorsSensors are used to measure fleshly and quantities such as temperature, light, sound pressure and humidity. They send signals to the micro processor that controls this. For exampleSome security measures alarm systems have inferred system within them. When something crosses this signal, the signal breaks and the alarm goes off.A heat sensitive sensor, which is mainly in the top corner of the room, can also sense presence of a person in a room.Temperature sensors are used to control the amount of heat in a room or a house.Magnetic sensors are loops in the tarmac to detect metal above them. This is also used to detect over head cars passing by.In some case there are many dams that haves computer controlled computers. The data from a water level sensor is continually sent to the processor. The computer has a controlled program which usually stores the required level of water. If the water level gets too high a valve is assailable to let the water out and similarly if the water level is too low a valve is open to let the water in. this controlled program stores the details of the water level and the action the computer must take.

Foreign pronunciation Essay Example for Free

distant pronunciation EssayIn his book Foreign Accent The Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Second Language Phonology, Roy C. writes that firstly style transfer is very influential and matchless of the most important components at the beginning stages of international language acquisition. (p. 31) At this point the scientist implies learning phonology, which usu wholey takes place at the beginning of the course of a foreign language study. Another tec, Trubetzkoy, stresses that the perception of the foreign language is filtered through the sieve of a learners mother spit. (From Roy 2001, p. 31)In phonology this filter resultes in producing an underline, which drew the pronunciation of the foreign language near the pronunciation of the mother tongue. The examples can be found in adopting side of meat pronunciation all around the world a French accent may be recognizable from word nett stress patterns and uvular /R/ a German accent by the overleap of /w//v/ distinctions a Span ish accent by the rhythmic characteristics and lack of vowel reduction an American accent by the /r/ and marked vowel reduction and a Japanese accent by the lack of r//1/ distinctions. (From Roy 2001, p. 31)According to Weinreich (1953), there are different types of negative transfer in phonology. The researcher Weinreich proposes to differentiate the following seven types Sound Substitution. It occurs when a learner uses the nearest equivalent of his/her mother tongue to pronounce a sound of the foreign language. For instance, English sounds /? ? / are commonly mispronounced by foreign learners. Spanish learners substitute them with dental /? ?/, French pronounce /s z/ kinda of them Hindi speakers use their repeat /? ?/ (although Hindi also has similar sounds / ? ?/).Phonological Processes. This concerns all allophones and allophonic processes. For example, German learners of English have a tendency to devoice the final voiced consonants hat instead of had, bik instead of big. English speakers, in their turn, are more bidly to use a velarized or gloomy l for final clear l in French or Spanish words eel il instead of. il il he, 1 el instead of el el he. Underspecialization. It takes place, when a learner misses somewhat differentiations in foreign sounds referable to the fact that his/her indigene language does not have these differentiations.For instance, English has /i/ and /? /, but French learners usually use one /i/ for both English /? / and /? / can be pronounced as one /? / by a Portuguese speaker. Over-differentiation. This process is opposite to what under-differentiation is. In the case of over-differentiation the native language of a learner contains differentiations, which do not exist in the foreign language. Though, as Weinreich points out, over-differentiation does not lead to some gross phonic mistakes, it results in a different mental representation. (From Roy 2001, p. 32)To illustrate over-differentiation, Roy C. brings the follow ing examples English /d/ and /? / are separate phonemes whereas in Spanish they are allophones (/d/ ? after vowels). An English speaker thinks of the d in dia day as a different sound from the ? in nada nothing, whereas the Spanish speaker thinks of them as one sound, because they are allophones of the same phoneme. (From Roy 2001, p. 32) Reinterpretation of Distinctions. It is related with the theory, which divides features into primary and secondary, or distinctive and redundant.For example, in American conglomerate of English the qualitative tense/lax distinction is primary and the quantative is secondary. Native English speaker does not even hear the length of sounds, but the sound i in beet and bit forget never be confused. In contrast, length in German words is primary and their quality is secondary, as it is seen in bieten bit? n to offer, and bitten bit? n to ask. Consequently, a German learner will think that in English words beet and bit the length is more importan t that the quality of the vowel. Phonotactic Interference.This process takes place when a learner modifies syllable and word structures in the foreign language in order to fit the patterns in his/her native tongue. For example, Brazilian Portuguese very often pronounce the words ping pong and picnic like pingi pongi and pici nici because the syllables in can not be placed at the end of Brazilian words. Prosodic Interference. It takes place, when a learner substitutes prosodic patterns in the foreign language with those of his/her mother tongue, in spite of the fact that the prosodic patterns of the both languages are completely different.Thus, a French student would incorrectly stress the last syllables in English words because in his/her native language all the words have the last syllables stressed. An English student can pronounce Chinese sentences using English intonation patterns. As the book Foreign Accent The Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Second Language Phonology states, the fin ding of Weinreich, and all the similar ones, champion to predict the areas which will cause difficulty in learning a foreign language.Weinreichs differentiation of negative transfer types prompted other researches on the same topic. Thus, Moulton (1962) presents error types (from Roy 2001, p. 33), based on the linguistic and socio-linguistic contrasts among English and German. According to Moulton, while learning a foreign pronunciation, students make the following types of errors phonemic errors phonetic errors allophonic errors distributional errors

It 210 Week 3 Checkpoint Tax Calculation Essay Example for Free

It 210 Week 3 Checkpoint valuate reckoning Essay remuneration net profit = Gross remuneration Base value (GrossSalary BaseSalary * Addl task)If GrossSalary 0.00 1,500.00 ThenBaseTax = 0.00BaseSalary = 0.00AddlTax = (Gross Salary BaseSalary) * 0. 15 land up ifIf GrossSalary 1,500.00 3,000.00 ThenBaseTax = 225.00BaseSalary = 1,500.00AddlTax = (Gross Salary BaseSalary) * 0.16End ifIf GrossSalary 3,000.00 5,000.00 ThenBaseTax = 465.00BaseSalary = 3,000.00AddlTax = (Gross Salary BaseSalary) * 0.18End ifIf GrossSalary 5,000.00 8,000.00 ThenBaseTax = 825.00BaseSalary = 5,000.00AddlTax = (Gross Salary BaseSalary) * 0.20End ifIf GrossSalary 8,000.00 15,000.00 ThenBaseTax = 1,425.00BaseSalary = 8,000.00AddlTax = (Gross Salary BaseSalary) * 0.25End ifIf GrossSalary 15,000.00 ThenBaseTax = 1,425.00BaseSalary = 8,000.00AddlTax = (Gross Salary BaseSalary) * 0..25End ifGrossSalary BaseTax (GrossSalary BaseSalary * AddlTax) End CaclulateNetSalary ModuleDisplayGrossSalary BaseTaxAddlTaxNetSalary Module move Employee Gross Pay, Tax and Net Pay BreakdownPrint Gross Salary GrossSalaryPrint Base Tax BaseTaxPrint Additional Tax AddlTaxPrint Net Salary * NetSalaryEnd DisplayGrossSalaryBaseTaxAddlTaxNetSalary ModuleTest ValuesInputExpected divulgeputCommentsSalary = 0.00Tax = 0.00Lowest net income in profit regurgitate 1Salary = -1,000.00Error MessageOut of veer conditionSalary = 1,000.00Tax = 150.00Midrange earnings in net income range 1Salary= 1,499.99Tax = 225.00Highest salary in salary range 1Salary = 1,500.00Tax = 225.00Lowest salary in salary range 2Salary = 2,250.00Tax = 345.00Midrange salary in salary range 2Salary = 2,999.99Tax = 465.00Highest salary in salary range 2Salary = 3,000.00Tax = 465.00Lowest salary in salary range 3Salary = 4,000.00Tax = 645.00Midrange salary in salary range 3Salary = 4,999.99Tax = 825.00Highest salary in salary range 3Salary = 5,000.00Tax = 825.00Lowest salary in salary range 4Salary = 6,500.00Tax = 1,095.00Mid range salary in salary range 4Salary = 7,999.99Tax = 1,425.00Highest salary in salary range 4Salary = 8,000.00Tax = 1,425.00Lowest salary in salary range 5Salary = 11,500.00Tax = 2,300.00Midrange salary in salary range 5Salary = 14,999.99Tax = 3,175.00Highest salary in salary range 5Salary = 15,000.00Tax = 3,175.00Salary that exceeds the highest salary in salary range 5 by 0.01 Salary = 100,000.00Tax = 24,425.00Salary that exceeds the highest salary in salary range 5

The Life of the Mango Tree Essay Example for Free

The Life of the Mango Tree Essay* Johnson was an Englishman who came to Trinidad to visited Franklin on a coco soil* Johnson was very interested in topical anaesthetic folklore* Sam fell in love with Urmilla* On Johnsons return to England he got a rare blood unsoundness out-of-pocket to the cold climate.CharactersJohnsonGary Johnson was a young Englishman who had come to Trinidad to spend the holidays with his friend Franklins on his coco the three estates in Sangre Grande. He left England in winter as he was eager to get nigh sunlight. While Johnson stayed with his friend he was quite interested to learn all about the estate. Johnson enjoyed hearing and auditory modality to the local superstition and every time he heard a story he would salvage it down in a notebook. He very oftentimes liked a young local daughter named Urmilla who he eventually planned to marry. He became ill with a rare blood disease and had very little time to live.SamSam was the overseer of the es tate who worked there for some(prenominal) years. He is the narrator of the story. He liked Urmilla and her father spook to her to try to marry Urmilla. He never told Urmilla how much he had like her. Urmillas father made her promise to marry Sam before he died but Sam told Urmilla he would not hold her to the promise.UrmillaUrmilla was a beautiful young Indian girl who worked on the estate. Her father wanted her to get married. Urmilla liked Johnson and they eventually planned to get married. Urmilla was very quick when Johnson returned to the island but was she was worried about his illness and went to the local obeahman to get a bring to for him.SocdeoHe was an elderly man who Urmilla father and wanted her to get married.FranklinFranklin was a middle aged Englishman who had bought the burnt umber estate after the price of cocoa had fall on the worlds market and the estate was going to ruin. Franklin was a kind hearted person who treated his workers well and became a god fathe r to many children in the village. He was a good friend of Johnson and encouraged Johnson to run the estate with him.

English and Vietnamese Language Comparison

face and Vietname callinge Language ComparisonName NGUY N HOI NHIA Contrastive Analysis of allegorys Relating to Some Upper Parts of Human tree trunk among side and VietnameseAbstractThis paper presents the results of a study on fictions relating to nearly(a) pep pill split of pitying clay between position and Vietnamese. There argon four pep pill parts of benignant be consists of heart, poke, ear and give tongue to argon chosen for data analysis. Nguyen Hoa (2004) classification of fictions ar base on their degree of unexpectedness. The results show that living illustrations, faded metaphors and assassinated metaphors ar leash main types of metaphors. Also, metaphors be varied from whiz run-in to anformer(a) due to peoples aliveness experience, world intellections or peoples cognition of the extraneous world and the language users culture.IntroductionOne of the more or less vital functions of language is to name the world or express homosexual thought s through a system of concepts. In any case, the concepts expressed through language do non exist in seclusion from separately other. Or maybe, they exist cooperatively in the language and amaze up a giant ne cardinalrk with legion(predicate) interconnections and affinityship among the divergent subparts. A good example of these interconnections includes metaphor, the comprehension of one concept regarding a nonher(prenominal).Metaphor is non solitary(prenominal) utilize in literary or poetic language but overly utilised in everyday conversational language. It croupe be assemblen that metaphor is employ to express bases sensibly and vividly as it has great communicatory power. Furthermore, it also convey more of the human feeling, emotion and attitude towards what is said rather than the non-metaphoric.One arouse idea in the language is that people got to k promptly their own tree trunk and gave names to its parts. And then the human beings began comparing the surro unding things with their own body and finding common sus Tains in the process of cognition of the world. So the names of some swiftness parts of human body be transferred to refer more other things in the real world. They atomic number 18 personified to possess the same names with the some speeding parts of human body. For instance, in side of meat the war cry foot denotes to the lowest part of the human and then on it is metaphorically employ to denote to the lowest part of many a(prenominal) things, for example, the foot of the hill.Not only in incline but also in Vietnamese also use of metaphors, in such a commission, many speech referring parts of human body argon also employ metaphorically. For instance, the intelligence operation chn in Vietnamese akin to the word of honor foot in face is used as a metaphor to denote to the lowest part of the hill Chn i.The way individual oral communication, however, are used is not always the same in twain languages. For instance, the word nerve in side of meat is metaphorically used to denote to the hole of the needle, eon the word mt in Vietnamese is not used in such a way. It is metaphorically, however, used to denote to holes of a woven basket in another case.E.g. shopping mall of the needle vs Mt r.It enkindle be inferred that the words denoting some upper parts of human body are used metaphorically in English and Vietnamese and the way for apiece one word is used is varied in both languages. The way metaphors are used is because of peoples life experience, world views and the language users culture. So metaphors are varied from one language to another.There are some questions arise How are the words denoting upper parts of human body used metaphorically in both English and Vietnamese?, How much are they similar? and How much do they differ from each other?. For this reasons, the study titled A contrastive analysis of metaphors relating to some upper parts of human body between English and Vietnamese will be answer the questions mentioned.Literature review 2.1. What is metaphor?Metaphor that comes from the Greek for transferee. According to Vo Dai Quang (2003, p.33), metaphor is word kernel transference based on proportion between deuce things as regards function, temper, size, shape, age, colour, etc. As the following exampleE.g. She is a ophidian.That is, the word snake has negative connotation because it is thought to be very dangerous and poisonous to people. Basing on this nub, it is transferred to mention to the character of a person to imply that she is a dangerous person. The law of similarity in this situation between an wight and a person is rough the character. Hence, this definition is clear and parabolic.However, there is a question to be pose why do people hand over to use such an implicit way to convey the idea?. According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (1995, p.734), metaphor is defined as the imaginative use of a word or a phras e to describe somebody/something as another object in dedicate to show that they crap the same qualities and as to find the description more forceful. This definition is not as cleared as the above -mentioned definition about the association of similarity, however, it takes the use and the effect of metaphor into consideration. If we express She is a dangerous person, it is not as forceful to the hearer as we say She is a snake. Likewise, metaphor can convey the imagination of the language users so it is clearly more powerful and effective in communication.Metaphor also be defined as follows an extension in the use of the word beyond its primary meaning to describe referents that bear similarities to the words primary referent(Language-its structure and use,1994). The term extension mentions to the meaning of the word that can be extended beyond its literal meaning. So metaphor here is dealt with as a means of creating and expanding meaning to depict other referents which are si milar to the words primary referent. locution at the above once more. The primary referent of the word snake is one type of animal(prenominal) and in this metaphor, it mentions to another referent that is a risky person. This should be possible on the basis of the affinity between the two referents.The definition elapsen by Barcelone (2000, p.3) in which metaphor is defined as Metaphor is the cognitive mechanism whereby one experiential vault of heaven is partially mapped or projected onto a different experiential domain so that the second domain is partially understood in terms of the send-off one. In this definition, metaphor is understood as a conceptual projection whereby one experiential domain is understood regarding another. The character of a person, in the above example, is understood regarding a character of a snake.Generally, metaphor mentioned above is viewed from different angles. Basically, it is the way we call one object by the name of another because we equali ty these objects and pick up some common features between them.It is necessary to distinguish metaphor, simile and metonymy because they are tight related. To begin with, metaphor and simile are forms of comparison. We compare two un akin things unneurotic in two ways. Metaphor, however, is hidden comparison and simile is the open comparison. Take the following examplesE.g. Tom is the head of the department.Tom is like the head of the department.The word head implies one part of human body that comprise the brain and can control the activity of the domiciliate of the body. In this above example, the word head means to the people victorious the controlling function as the leader in the department. It can be understood implicitly in the outset example and in the second one, it can be understood explicitly. Putting it on the scale, metaphor is an equation and simile is an approximation. Obviously, they take different values and effects to the hearer.Metaphor and metonymy are two t ypes of transference of meaning. One object is named and understood regarding another. Metaphor, however, is based on the association of similarity while metonymy is based on the association of contiguity. Look at the two following examplesE.g. She is the head of the departmentTwo heads are break in than oneIn the first example, the word head refers to the leader and it is can be understood regarding the similarity of function the head of human body and the leader of the department carry the mission to control the rest parts of the whole. In contrast, the word heads in the second example refers to people because they are related to each other- head is one part of human body. It can be done on the basis of part-whole relation in which the name of the part is used to refer to the whole.Obviously, metaphor is related to simile and metonymy but it is rather sublime from them. In addition, how metaphors function in language and they are classified will be showed as follow. 2.2. Functi ons of metaphorsMetaphors are diverse in terms of values and functions in language, however, in this study only three basic functions give by a Vietnamese language specialist, Dinh Trong Lac(1994, p.53), are mentioned. According to him, there are three basic functions of metaphors namely naming, cognitive and symbolic functions and basing on this he can group metaphors together. 2.2.1. duty assignment functionFirstly, the function of metaphors talked about is to name things. This is only the technical means to utilize the ready- made dictionary to offer names to different things basing on the similarity between them. For instance, the lowest part of the mounsiamese connectionn is cognize as the foot of the mountain as the foot on the human body is the lowest part. These metaphors are of almost no or very little rhetoric value but they can study the way in which things on the planet are seen together. They are just planned to offer names to things basing on the experience with t he existing vocabulary. 2.2.2. Cognitive functionSecondly, the function of metaphors is to cognize or conceptualize things. These metaphors do not offer new names to things however conceptualize them as far as another. These metaphors operates between two domains, one domain is conceptualized regarding another. For instance, in the domain of weather, when it is sunny, the sun is sparkling and brings charming climate that can make people cheerful and agreeable. So the word sunny has positive value and it is exchanged to dispute the peevishness of people as in the following illustration.E.g. By the time he visited the Ho qi Minh Mausoleum, John was in a sunny mood.That is, John felt exceptionally cheerful and optimistic. Hereby, the human mood is conceptualized and comprehended under the words about weather. These metaphors are likewise conventional and of little rhetoric impact. 2.2.3. typic functionLastly, the function of metaphors is to symbolize things. This function is usually thought to be the conventional function of metaphors. For example, the boot regularly symbolizes for the beauty. So it is frequently compared to the womans beauty.E.g. Beauty is a pinnacle which wrinkles will devour.In the above illustration, the flower is compared to the beauty of woman that will devour like the flower. This kind of metaphors reflect the imaginative and germinal way individuals assess and explain things, which can make their language more expressive and persuasive. They are extremely customary in poetic language. All in all, metaphors convey three major functions in language which are naming, cognitive and symbolic functions. Basing on that, metaphors relating to upper parts of human body are in the first group which are used to give names to things in the world. 2.3. Kinds of metaphorsMetaphors can be classified basing on their degree of unexpectedness. According to Nguyen Hoa (2004, p.109), there are three main kinds of metaphors namely living metaphors, fade d metaphors and dead metaphors. 2.3.1. Living metaphorsWhen a word is unexpected and quite unpredictable is called living metaphor. It is used in bizarre meaning and metaphor is easily recognise by the hearer. It is created and used by individuals.E.g. She is my sunIt can be seen that the sun lights our earth by day, which can makes peoples life brighter and more joyful. Hence, when a people who is thought to make the others life brighter and more joyful is viewed as the sun. These metaphors are called creative or poetic metaphors as it reflects the creative use of language and they are appended to the symbolic functions as mentioned above are especially utilized in literature and poetry. They are not common in everyday language usage. They are sometimes called honest-to-goodness metaphors becauseit is the common sense when people discuss metaphors and they have great rhetoric effect on the hearer. 2.3.2. wearied metaphorsMetaphor which lost its freshness because of long use and traditional use and became habitual in occasional language usage. For example, gold is one sort of very valuable material and when people mention the adjectival golden, it implies that something made of gold. Besides, it is say that golden youth, it means that the adolescent in a mans life is likewise as valuable as gold. Metaphors are so normal in everyday language that they are sometimes not felt as metaphors. These metaphors can bring about polysemy of so many words in language. Among the functions examined, they are attached to the naming and cognitive functions. 2.3.3. Dead metaphorsDead metaphor- where metaphoric sense is not felt at all because they have lost their indirect meaning and are used only figuratively. For instance, the word capital in English used to mean the head which is considered as the most diminutive part on the human body. So it was metaphorically used to refer to the most important urban center or town of a country which is usually the center of gover nment. Hence, it was metaphorically used to refer to the most important city or town of a nation which is generally the center of government. But now the word capital is not utilized literally as the head of the human body, however, it just means the capital of the country as in the sentence Paris is the capital of France. These metaphors do not make up many in language. Indeed, these metaphors are difficult or almost impossible to be recognized as metaphors.In general, there are three principle sorts of metaphors which are living, faded and dead metaphors. In concise, metaphors relating to parts of human body are called faded metaphors since they become the means of everyday language to give names to things in the world.Aim and objectives of the studyThis study is conducted with the aims of theoretical and practical. Theoretically is proposed to give a clayey and methodical review on the metaphorical uses of words meaning upper parts of human body in both English and Vietnamese a nd attempt to clarify the reasons why the words are utilized as a part of such ways. Meantime, it is gone for finding the features that English and Vietnamese impart to and substitute from each other in the utilization of metaphors relating to upper parts of human body.Practically is proposed to empower learners of English to have an understanding into metaphors relating to upper parts of human body in English and additionally in their mother tongue so they can improve their vocabulary of the language they are learning and hunt them effectively in communication or translate them well into their own mother tongue and delinquency versa.Research methodology 4.1. Approach intended for the studyHere the two languages to be specialized English and Vietnamese are compared and contrasted. In this contrastive analysis, English is dealt with as the instrumental language and Vietnamese is the stone pit language. In this manner, any instances of metaphors relating to upper parts of human b ody in English will be recorded and analyzed first and after that they will be compared and contrasted with Vietnamese to discover the similarities and differences between the two languages. 4.2. Methods of the studyThis study is conducted with a combination of the comparative degree and contrastive. Firstly, the theoretical background of metaphors will be given talked about through the basic readings of related materials. Besides, once general theories are given, the data about specific cases of metaphors relating to upper parts of human body in two languages utilized for illustration will be gathered from different sources of data, for example, dictionaries, books, daily papers, magazines furthermore practical observation. Thirdly, it is to choose the typical examples and analyze them. In the meantime, comparative and contrastive techniques will be used to discover the common and the distinguished features in the utilization of metaphors relating to upper parts of human body betwe en English and Vietnamese. Finally, some conclusions will be made about what has been analyzed and compared. 4.3. Metaphors relating to some upper parts of human body in English and Vietnamese 4.3.1. Metaphors relating to nerve centre in English and mt in VietnameseWe can easily find some common features in the metaphorical use of the words denoting eyes between the two languages. Firstly, our eyes are round and small in shape, in two languages, the two words eye and mt imply to the shape of a potato. It has many circled and many small spot on it.For example In English Eye of the potatoIn Vietnamese Mt khoai ty(English-Vietnamese Dictionary, 1993, p.581)Moreover, the word mt in Vietnamese is refer to many small and rounded-shaped things on the peel of many sorts of fruit and things. In contrast, the word eye in English is not refer to these cases. Look at the table under.Table 1In EnglishIn VietnameseNone in EnglishMt tre, mt ma, mt li, mt da, mt xch, mt r, etc..However, the word eye in English denote the eye-shaped spots on the tail of the peacock and piece of metal used together with a hook in distinguish to fasten clothes. For example, Eye of the peacocks tail (Vocabulary, p.26), Hook and eye of the serve (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 1995, p.410)In English and Vietnamese, when we see into a persons eyes and the central position of the eyes when we see around, the words eye and mt refer to the centre of the cyclone and wind blows. For example, in English Eye of the storm, Eye of the wind while in Vietnamese Mt bo (English-Vietnamese Dictionary, 1993, p.581) some other interesting point is that the world becomes bright and clear when we open our eyes and see and when the sun rises and opens on a day, the world is also sheeny. Hence, the British calls the sun the eye of the day. Similarly, the British also calls the private eye when our eyes has function of observing others secretly to get information. However, Vietnamese has not these interestin g features as in English. 4.3.2. Metaphors relating to nose in English and mi in VietnameseFirst of all, the nose which is the precedent part pointing in shape so it used to refer to the front pointed part of an airplane. For instance, in English He brought the aircrafts nose up and made a perfect landing, whereas in Vietnamese Anh ta li mi my bay ln v thc hin vic h cnh hon ho (English-Vietnamese Dictionary, 1993, p.1140)Another interesting is that Vietnamese used the word mi in order to denote to part of some tools or objects. In contrast, the word nose in English is not used in such a way. To understand clearly about the lexemes nose and mi, the below table will be illustrate.Table 2In EnglishIn Vietnamesenose of an airplanenone in Englishnose of a carnone in Englishmi my baymi C Maunone in Vietnamesemi kimEspecially, the word mi in Vietnamese is figuratively used to refer to the forward direction of the attack of the soldiers. But English does not piece of land this interesting feature as in Vietnamese. 4.3.3. Metaphors relating to ear in English and tai in VietnameseThe ears are of reed organ of hearing, they are the small and slue parts that locate at the sides of the head. The two lexemes ear and tai in both languages are used in metaphors to denote to the parts of things which have the similar features. However, they are used to denote to do not the same in some cases. The table below will be illustrate.Table 3In EnglishIn Vietnamesenone in Englishnone in Englishnone in Englishear of a cornear of a newspaperear of the jugtai nmtai botai ci xaynone in Vietnamesenone in Vietnamesetai bnh ng ncIn the above table, there are some similar in both languages in the way that the words referring the ear are used to denote to the small and curved part on the side of a container such as jug and cup. But the word tai in some cases Vietnamese is used to denote to the two parts on both sides of the plaster in the scene tai ci xay. In contrast, the word ear in En glish is not used to share this. Similarly, the word tai in Vietnamese is used to denote to the develop of a mushroom while the word ear in English is not used to share it. However, in the same way, it is used to denote to the small part of a corn in the expression ear of a corn. Another interesting is that the word ear is used to denote to the minor and short piece of a newspaper in the expression ear of a newspaper but the equivalent do not exist in Vietnamese. Generally, there are some common and distinguished features in the metaphorical use of the words denoting the verbalise between the English and Vietnamese. 4.3.4. Metaphors relating to mouth in English and ming in VietnameseIn both in English and Vietnamese, there are numerous common features in the metaphorical use of the words denoting the mouth. It can be seen that when we open the mouth, it can plump as the passage for the nourishment or drink to go in. So, the word mouth and ming, in both languages, are used to refe r to the open part of something especially containers through which we can guide things in. For example, in English A decorative pattern round the mouth of the bag. (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 1995, p.760)That is, the bag is one kind of containers and we place something in it through the open and front part of it called the mouth. Similarly, the word ming ti in Vietnamese is equivalent to this case in English. However, the equivalents of the two words mouth and ming do not exist in both English and Vietnamese. For instance, the word mouth in English is used to denote to the open part of a cave or river, whereas the word ming in Vietnamese is used to denote to the open part of an injury. And here are some examplesTable 4In EnglishIn Vietnamesenone in Englishmouth of the rivernone in Englishmouth of the architectmouth of the boxming nnone in Vietnameseming vt thngnone in Vietnameseming hpIn short, there are some similarities and differences in the use of the words denoting the mouth between the two languages.Results and discussionAll in all, the discoveries about the similarities and differences in the metaphors relating to upper parts of human body has clearly demonstrated the common and distinguished features in the way in which English and Vietnamese think and view the world surrounding them. In both countries, people all comprehend parts of their body well in shape, position, function, etcand relate these features to features of things in the world to name them by utilizing the names of upper parts of the body. In the specific cases, however, they utilize a certain word about a part of human body to refer things are not always the same as they think and view the world differently. In addition, people in each nation have their own way and habitat of utilizing the language creatively so this prompts to the distinctions in the metaphors in the both languages. For these reason, the existence of similarities and differences in the metaphors relating to upper parts of human body in two languages are reasonable and understandable. Moreover, metaphors relating to upper parts of human body can uphold to create new meanings that better the vocabulary in two languages. Another interesting is that metaphor is one kind of personification (Nguyn Vn Chin, 1992) because everything in the world is not seen in but in the alliance with human beings. It means that things in the world are always found in the associative eye of people.I hoped that the findings about the basic metaphors relating to upper parts of human body in this study will help students not only to acquire these interesting and popular use of the words but also to motivate them in their further language study.SummaryThis study has provided a systematic and clear view on metaphors relating to upper parts of human body in English and Vietnamese. First and foremost, words denoting upper parts of human body are popularly used in metaphor in both languages. Secondly, the metaphor s, in most cases, relating to them depend on the similar associations of their semantic features. The referents, however, they are used to refer in specific cases are not always similar. Last but not least, the more frequently the words are used in metaphors, the more similar features metaphors relating to them in English and Vietnamese share.If I have an opportunity in the future, my future research could be conducted to study the metaphorical use of the words denoting lower, median(a) and internal parts of human body and the different metaphorical use of the words referring human body parts when they function in other parts of speech such as verbs, adjectives, etc. I hope that this scope will become more various and meaningful and the reader will have a broader view about this interesting subject between the two languages.ImplicationsThe results of this study can help to suggest the following implicationsIn teaching English, understanding metaphors relating to some upper parts of human body can help student discover the connection between the metaphorical meaning and the literal meaning of the word to find the new meaning for themselves.As discussed above, there are many similarities and differences in the metaphorical use of words denoting some upper parts of human body between English and Vietnamese, whence the translators need to be aware of this in the process translation. That is, translators ought to keep away the word-for-word translation while translating these lexemes as they are differently utilized in each language, by people in each nation.ReferencesEnglishBarcelona, Antonio(2000).Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads.Berlin and New York Mouton de Gruyter.Crowther J. (1995).Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary.Oxford University PressE. Finegan. Language Its Structure and Use, 2nd ed. Harcourt Brace, 1994.Quang, Vo Dai(2003).Semantics.Vietnam matter University, College of Foreign Languages.Hoa, Nguyen(2004).Understanding English Semantics.Viet nam National University, College of Foreign Language.